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Hagar and the Angel

Carel Fabritius (Middenbeemster 1622 – 1654 Delft)
date
ca. 1645
medium
oil on canvas
dimensions
157.5 x 136 cm
signed information

signed in brown paint, bottom left corner: “C P Fabritius”

inventory number
CF-100
Print

Surh, Dominique. “Hagar and the Angel” (2017). In The Leiden Collection Catalogue, 4th ed. Edited by Arthur K. Wheelock Jr. and Elizabeth Nogrady with Caroline Van Cauwenberge. New York, 2023–. https://theleidencollection.com/artwork/hagar-and-the-angel/ (accessed April 20, 2024).

A PDF of every version of this entry is available in this Online Catalogue's Archive, and the Archive is managed by a permanent URL. New versions are added only when a substantive change to the narrative occurs. Click here to see the archived version(s) of this entry.

Carel Fabritius, who died tragically at the height of his career in the explosion of the Delft powder house in 1654, painted this masterpiece around 1645, shortly after he had completed his apprenticeship with Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–69). It is one of only five surviving history paintings from his hand (only 13 paintings by him are known) and his sole painting still in a private collection. Fabritius selected dramatic moments from the Bible and classical mythology, often unusual subjects that he treated in movingly human terms. Here, in this rare and wonderful example, we see this gifted painter and storyteller at his very best. He focuses the viewer’s attention on Hagar’s moment of suffering, while alluding to other moments in the broader narrative. With the compelling figure of the angel offering divine assistance at Hagar’s darkest hour, Fabritius invites the viewer to become fully engaged in the story.

Fabritius’s monumental depiction of a woman kneeling in prayer while being visited by an angel is a powerfully moving interpretation of the Old Testament story of Hagar and the angel. In this biblical narrative, which appears in Genesis 21:15–19, Hagar and her son Ishmael are expelled from Abraham’s house and wander in the wilderness for days. Having run out of water, Hagar can no longer bear the sight of her suffering son, so she leaves Ishmael under a bush and goes off to pray. She thinks to herself, “I cannot bear to watch Ishmael die,” and she begins to weep. Then an angel appears to her and says, “What is the matter, Hagar? Do not be afraid; God has heard the boy crying as he lies there. Lift the boy up and take him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation.” God opens her eyes, and she sees a well to provide water for her dying son. She fills her empty flask with water and returns to the young boy to revive him.

This painting depicts the second of two biblical episodes in which Hagar is visited by an angel in the wilderness. In the first of these, the angel visits Hagar as she rests near the fountain of Shur after having fled into the wilderness as a young, pregnant woman (Gen. 16:6–14). The second episode, described above, occurs much later, when Hagar’s son Ishmael is thirteen years old (Gen 21:15–19). Scholars have traditionally identified the Leiden Collection painting as representing the earlier of Hagar’s two encounters with an angel, almost certainly because Ishmael is not present in the scene. Nevertheless, only in the later account does the presence of water become the dramatic fulcrum of the story: it leads to her salvation and, ultimately, the fulfillment of God’s promise. A factor that previously complicated the identification of the correct biblical passage was that, prior to the painting’s restoration in 2012, the water in the spring was obscured by layers of discolored varnish and not visible to the naked eye.

Fabritius’s nuanced interpretation of the story is consistent with the later biblical episode. The kneeling Hagar, with her robust stature, ruddy cheeks and weathered, middle-aged hands betraying her labor in the sun, is more evocative of a robust matriarch than of a pregnant youth. The shadows of her skirt are modeled with heavy impastos in tonalities of warm, bluish-gray, while the pale corals and blues of her striped shawl are depicted with assured, lively strokes. The artist draws the viewer’s eye to a red cloth sack and golden water flask wrapped in woven rope at the far right. Heightened by distinct brushstrokes loaded with thick paint, the water vessel is further accentuated by the technique of scratching into the wet paint with the butt of the brush to create added depth and texture. Tenderly, Hagar holds a thin, white handkerchief clasped between her folded fingers—a conventional gesture of prayer as well as one of despair. Resigned to her grief, she rests her mouth on her hands in a state of quiet surrender. Fabritius offers a measure of her sorrow with a single highlight at the base of her eye that conveys the hint of a falling tear.

For the majestic figure of the angel, Fabritius exploited the full range of his painterly techniques to achieve expressive effects. Rays of heavenly light surround the angel’s head in concentric bands of colors, while semitransparent streams of light emanate from his form, as though he were passing through the haze of heavy mist. His confident yet intuitive brushwork adds to the otherworldly character of the angel and conveys the sense of a divine apparition materializing into form. Fabritius’s modeling of the flesh tones with splotches of color in both areas of highlights and in the confines of form moving into shadow adds to the impression of a heavenly apparition emerging into being. With outstretched hands—one gently touching Hagar’s head and the other gesturing toward the well—the angel motions toward the source of Hagar’s salvation.

The story of Hagar was one of the most frequently portrayed Old Testament narratives in Dutch art, particularly by Rembrandt and his school, who were drawn to the subject for its expression of a wide array of human emotions. One important pictorial prototype for Fabritius’s conception of the story and its compositional organization was Rembrandt’s 1637 etching, Abraham Casting Out Hagar and Ishmael (). Before sending Hagar and Ishmael away, the Bible says that Abraham provided them with some bread and water for their journey. In this print, Hagar is depicted holding a handkerchief to her face while carrying a knapsack under her arm, a water bottle at her side, and a knife hanging from her belt. Fabritius adopted these motifs in his treatment of the later scene. His imposing angel also draws upon Rembrandt’s commanding figure of Abraham who, with his outstretched arms, similarly occupies a central position in the etching.

A work depicting the same biblical episode from Rembrandt’s workshop of the later 1650s shows the young Ishmael lying under a tree at the far left (). The scene bears striking compositional resemblance to the present work and portrays the angel as a towering figure at center with Hagar kneeling in the right foreground. Like the present example, Hagar is shown in profile holding a white handkerchief with a water bottle and knapsack beside her. However, unlike Fabritius’s rendition of the story, the artist includes the figure of Ishmael and illustrates the precise moment of Hagar’s epiphany of the angel, who is shown gesturing with his proper right arm to the boy lying in the landscape.

Ferdinand Bol (1616–80), Fabritius’s close contemporary and fellow student of Rembrandt, provides yet another example of the story in a painting from ca. 1650 now in Gdansk (). In a composition that resembles Fabritius’s prototype, Bol omits the figure of Ishmael but includes a prominent fountain at the center right. The angel’s frontal position and commanding gesture correspond with Fabritius’s heavenly figure, but the gesture of his right arm is disconnected from any element in the narrative. Bol has portrayed Hagar as she reacts to the angel’s presence. Her lowered head and downcast eyes suggest that she has not yet seen the water source, yet its portrayal as a running fountain directly beside her makes the logic of the narrative less compelling. For these reasons, scholars have been confounded by the iconography, unclear as to which of the two episodes Bol’s representation was meant to portray.

Before its acquisition by the Leiden Collection in 2011, Fabritius’s painting had been in the same private collection for over 250 years. It was first recorded in the Schönborn-Buchheim Collection inventory of 1746, at which time it was attributed to Rembrandt, an attribution that remained intact until the end of the nineteenth century. The painting was later attributed to Rembrandt’s pupils, both to Ferdinand Bol and Govaert Flinck (1615–60). In 1983, Werner Sumowski noted the stylistic similarities of the painting to a newly discovered work by Fabritius, Mercury and Argus from about 1645–47 in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and concluded that the two paintings were by the same hand.

Although Sumowski’s attribution of the painting to Fabritius did not initially receive unanimous acceptance, the painting was included in the Fabritius exhibition of 2004 in The Hague. Technical studies carried out at that time further demonstrated its close connection with other paintings by the artist. Canvas weave analysis revealed a striking similarity with the signed Raising of Lazarus from ca. 1643 in Warsaw, and indicated that the two canvases might have been cut from the same bolt. Final confirmation of the painting’s attribution occurred in 2005, when infrared light revealed Fabritius’s signature in the lower left, which the artist had applied while the undermodeling was still wet (). Based on these technical results, and on the close correspondence in style, color and brushwork of Hagar and the Angel with the painting in Warsaw, Frederik Duparc proposed a date of ca. 1645 for the painting.

In 2012, Michael Gallagher, head of conservation at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, undertook a comprehensive conservation treatment of Hagar and the Angel. Previously, the work had only been selectively cleaned in isolated areas around the figures, while other areas in the landscape were obscured by discolored varnish. Widespread overpainting, particularly in the angel’s right wing, concealed the logic of the artist’s original form. An eighteenth-century print made after the Leiden Collection painting () indicates that Fabritius may have originally executed the area of shadow across the angel’s wing as a dark billowing cloud that may have been misunderstood in a later restoration, thereby obscuring his original intent. Perhaps the most serious aspect of the painting’s overall state prior to 2012 was its uneven surface condition caused by an earlier, unsuccessful wax relining. Together, these issues made it extremely difficult to assess the painting’s pictorial character.

The conservation treatment allowed the range and variety of Fabritius’s masterful handling of paint to be revealed once again. Significantly, the restoration brought to light Fabritius’s original signature. It also helped clarify a number of pictorial elements in the painting, including the presence of the well in the landscape which possesses such great significance for the painting’s iconography. The delicate reflections of light on the water’s surface were revealed only when the painting was restored in 2012. The water’s reemergence also helped clarify the meaning of the angel’s expressive gesture, which led the viewer’s eye to discover this delicately executed area of the landscape. Indeed, Fabritius intended the appearance of the well to be suggestive rather than obvious. By his nuanced portrayal and sensitivity to the narrative, Fabritius ensured that its recognition by the viewer would anticipate the awe and revelation of Hagar’s own discovery.

- Dominique Surh, 2017
For further discussion about this artwork, see Pieter Lastman's David and Uriah: Storytelling and the Passions.
Endnotes

  1. For the details of Fabritius’s apprenticeship with Rembrandt in Amsterdam, see Piet Bakker’s biography of Rembrandt in this catalogue.

  2. Four of these history paintings, including the present canvas, have been added to the artist’s oeuvre since 1985. In his 1981 monograph, Christopher Brown included only the signed Raising of Lazarus in Warsaw among Fabritius’s history paintings. The present painting was added to Fabritius’s oeuvre in 1983 by Werner Sumowski, and in 1986 Christopher Brown published Mercury and Argus in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art as a painting by Fabritius. On the basis of that attribution, also in 1986, Frederik J. Duparc published Mercury and Aglauros in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston as a Fabritius, while Hera in the Pushkin Museum was added to Fabritius’s oeuvre in 2000 by Marina Senenko. See Christopher Brown, Carel Fabritius: Complete Edition with a Catalogue raisonné (Oxford, 1981), 121–22, no. 1, pls. 1, 13–18; Werner Sumowski, Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schüler, 6 vols. (Landau and Pfalz, 1983–94), 5: 3096, no. 2071; 6: 3641, no. 2071; Christopher Brown, “‘Mercury and Argus’ by Carel Fabritius: A Newly Discovered Painting,” The Burlington Magazine 128 (1986): 797–98; Frederik J. Duparc, “‘Mercury and Aglauros’ Reattributed to Carel Fabritius,” Burlington Magazine 128 (1986): 799–802; and Marina Senenko, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts: Collection of Dutch Paintings: XVII–XIX Centuries (Moscow, 2009), 148–49, no. 496.

  3. Sellin reports that nearly 40 paintings of the later episode survive; see Christine Petra Sellin, Fractured Families and Rebel Maidservants: The Biblical Hagar in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art and Literature (New York, 2006), 2, 133.

  4. In the published literature on the Leiden Collection painting from 1965 to 2006, the identification of the earlier episode (Gen. 16:7–12) is prevalent. See Gero Seelig, “Hagar and the Angel,” in Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, ed. Frederik J. Duparc (Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Schwerin, Staatliches Museum) (Zwolle, 2004), no. 2, 86; Henri van de Waal, ‘“Hagar in de woestijn’ door Rembrandt en zijn school,” Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 1 (1947): 151, 164, fig. 8, as by Govaert Flinck; Christine Petra Sellin, Fractured Families and Rebel Maidservants: The Biblical Hagar in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art and Literature (New York, 2006), 96, fig. 17, 100, n. 13. I am grateful to Ilona van Tuinen, who first questioned—during close examination of the painting while it was undergoing conservation treatment in 2012—whether Fabritius meant to illustrate the earlier episode in the narrative and suggested that the artist might have intended the later episode.

  5. Of the present painting, which Seelig notes as representing Hagar’s first encounter with an angel in Genesis 16:5, he says: “Indeed, because the well is not depicted, as it is in the later painting by Ferdinand Bol in Danzig, the flask is even misleading.” See Gero Seelig, “Hagar and the Angel,” in Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, ed. Frederik J. Duparc (Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Schwerin, Staatliches Museum) (Zwolle, 2004), 86–87, no. 2. I would like to thank Michael Gallagher for pointing out the reemergence of the delicate reflection of the water as a result of the cleaning (personal communication).

  6. This aspect of Fabritius’s brushwork is also described by Gallagher: “What seems significant is that the artist has used both light and shadow to simultaneously model and dissolve form—to create solidity and mutability. This is most pronounced in the figure of the Angel who almost appears to be still in the process of coalescing into being behind the figure of Hagar.” Michael Gallagher, “Condition and Treatment Report: Carel Fabritius, Hagar and the Angel,” unpublished conservation report, 2013, curatorial files, The Leiden Collection, New York.

  7. Richard Hamann, “Hagars Abschied bei Rembrandt und im Rembrandt Kreis,” Marburger Jahrbuch fur Kunstwissenschaft 8–9 (1936): 471–578; and Christine Petra Sellin, Fractured Families and Rebel Maidservants: The Biblical Hagar in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art and Literature (New York, 2006), 6–7.

  8. Three related drawings by Rembrandt illustrating the dismissal of Hagar and Ishmael date from the 1640s and 50s: the earliest appears to have been the source for several variants by Rembrandt’s pupils and followers and dates from ca. 1642–46, pen and brown ink with brown wash heightened with white and a touch of red chalk, 188 x 237 mm, British Museum, inv. no. 1860-6-16-121; the second dates from ca. 1648–50, pen on brown paper, 171 x 224 mm, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. RP-T-1930-2; and the third dates from ca. 1652–55, reed pen and brown ink on brown paper, 200 x 245 mm, British Museum, inv. 1910-2-12-175. See Martin Royalton-Kisch, Drawings by Rembrandt and His Circle in the British Museum (London, 1992), 106–8, no. 41, and 126, no. 54; and Peter Schatborn, Drawings by Rembrandt: His Anonymous Pupils and Followers (The Hague, 1985), 88, no. 40.

  9. Blankert notes that it is not certain which episode is referred to in Bol’s painting: “If Bol wishes to protray the scene as described in Gen. 21:17–20, he did so more accurately than his colleagues were in the habit of doing.” Seelig identified the subject matter, as did Senenko in reference to a copy of the painting in the Pushkin Museum, as representing Genesis 16:7–12. See Albert Blankert, Ferninand Bol (1616–1680): Rembrandt’s Pupil (Doornspijk, 1982), 89, no. 1, plate 11; cf. Gero Seelig, “Hagar and the Angel,” in Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, ed. Frederik J. Duparc (Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Schwerin, Staatliches Museum) (Zwolle, 2004), 86–90, no. 2, n. 6; and Marina Senenko, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts: Collection of Dutch Paintings: XVII–XIX Centuries (Moscow, 2009), 59, no. 658. A drawing in Paris by Ferdinand Bol, Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert, pen and brush, 293 x 185 mm, Frits Lugt Collection, Fondation Custodia, depicts a figure to the far right in the background that probably refers to Ishmael in the later episode. Seelig identifies it as a preparatory story for the painting in Gdansk, whereas Sumowski rejects this idea. See Gero Seelig, “Hagar and the Angel,” in Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, ed. Frederik J. Duparc (Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Schwerin, Staatliches Museum) (Zwolle, 2004), 86–90, no. 2, n. 6; Werner Sumowski, Drawings of the Rembrandt School, 10 vols. (New York 1979–92) 1:524–25, no. 250; and Pieter Schatborn, Rembrandt and His Circle: Drawings in the Frits Lugt Collection, 2 vols. (Paris, 2010), 1:108–11, no. 34. Sumowski identifies another drawing by Bol in Amsterdam, Hagar at the Well On the Way to Shur, pen and brown ink, brown wash, 182 x 232 mm, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. RP-T-1930-27, as the preparatory study for the painting in Gdansk. See Werner Sumowski, Drawings of the Rembrandt School, 10 vols. (New York, 1979–92) 1:202, no. 89.

  10. Albert Blankert, Ferninand Bol (1616–1680): Rembrandt’s Pupil (Doornspijk, 1982), 89, no. 1, plate 11; and Gero Seelig, “Hagar and the Angel,” in Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, ed. Frederik J. Duparc (Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Schwerin, Staatliches Museum) (Zwolle, 2004), 85–86, no. 2.

  11. The painting was first published in 1746 as part of the Schönborn-Buchheim Collection and remained in the same private collection until its acquisition by The Leiden Collection in 2011.

  12. Beschreibung des fürtreflichen Gemähld-und Bilder-Schatzes, welcher in denen hochgräflichen Schlössern und Gebäuen deren Reiches-Grafen von Schönborn, Buchheim, Wolfsthal, etc. sowohl in dem Heil. Röm. Reich, als in dem Ertz-Hertzogthum Oesterreich zu ersehen und zu finden (Würzburg, 1746), no. 6, as by Rembrandt; Neues Archiv für Geschichte, Staatenkunde, Literatur und Kunst, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1830), 2: 167, as by Rembrandt; John Smith, Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish and French painters, 9 vols. (London, 1829–42), 7: 3, no. 6, as by Rembrandt; Georg Kaspar Nagler, Neues allgemeines Küstler-Lexikon oder Nachrichten von dem Leben und den Werken der Maler, Bildhauer, Baumeister, Kupferstecher, Formschneider, Lithographen, Zeichner, Medailleure, Elfenbeinarbeiter, etc., 22 vols. (Munich, 1835–52), 12:4 25, as by Rembrandt; Anton Ritter von Perger, Die Kunstschätze Wien’s in Stahlstich nebst erläuterndem Text (Triest, 1854), 88, as by Rembrandt; and Gustav Friedrich Waagen, Die vornehmsten Kunstdenkmäler in Wien, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1866–87), 1:310, as by Rembrandt.

  13. Frimmel first attributed CF-100 to Ferdinand Bol, whereas Cornelis Hofstede de Groot attributed the work to Flinck and Blankert rejected the attribution to Bol in his monograph on the artist, consigning the painting instead to the “Circle of Rembrandt.” See Theodor Frimmel, Kleine Galeriestudien, 3 vols. (Bamberg, 1892–96), 3:24–25, no. 18, as by Ferdinand Bol; cf. Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, “Die Rembrandt-Ausstellungen zu Amsterdam (September–October 1898) und zu London (Januar–März 1899),” Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft 22 (1899): 164, as by Govaert Flinck; cf. Albert Blankert, Ferninand Bol (1616–1680): Rembrandt’s Pupil (Doornspijk, 1982), 162, no. R3, fig. 97, as by circle of Rembrandt.

  14. Werner Sumowski, Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schüler, 6 vols. (Landau and Pfalz, 1983–94), 5: 3096, no. 2071; 6:3641, no. 2071; Frederik J. Duparc, “Carel Fabritius (1622–1654): His Life and Work,” in Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, ed. Frederik J. Duparc (Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Schwerin, Staatliches Museum) (Zwolle, 2004), 19–21, 32–33; Frederik J. Duparc, “Results of the Recent Art Historical and Technical Research on Carel Fabritius’s Early Work,” Oud Holland 119 (2006): 82–83, esp. note. 15; and Werner Sumowski, Gemälde der Rembrandt-Schüler, 6 vols. (Landau and Pfalz, 1983–94), 5: 3096–97, nos. 2071 and 2072.

  15. Duparc reports that at the time of the 2004–5 exhibition, both Albert Blankert and Jeroen Giltaij were skeptical of the attribution of the painting to Fabritius. See Frederik J. Duparc, “Results of the Recent Art Historical and Technical Research on Carel Fabritius’s Early Work,” Oud Holland 119 (2006): 82, n. 14.

  16. The identical thread count of the canvas support of The Leiden Collection painting and Raising of Lazarus in Warsaw suggest that they were cut from the same bolt of canvas, thus also suggesting that the two paintings are close in date. See Frederik J. Duparc, “Results of the Recent Art Historical and Technical Research on Carel Fabritius’s Early Work,” Oud Holland 119 (2006): 84–85.

  17. Jørgen Wadum made the discovery of the signature during his extensive technical research on the painting in 2005. For the discovery and other technical insights on the painting, see Frederik J. Duparc, “Results of the Recent Art Historical and Technical Research on Carel Fabritius’s Early Work,” Oud Holland 119 (2006): 83–84, 88.

  18. In the 2004 exhibition, the painting was dated ca. 1643–45, while Duparc narrowed the dating on technical and stylistic grounds to ca. 1645. See Gero Seelig, “Hagar and the Angel,” in Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, ed. Frederik J. Duparc (Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Schwerin, Staatliches Museum) (Zwolle, 2004), no. 2, 85–89; cf. Frederik J. Duparc, “Results of the Recent Art Historical and Technical Research on Carel Fabritius’s Early Work,” Oud Holland 119 (2006): 88.

  19. The conservation campaign involved cleaning, canvas relining and restoration. For a video document describing this work, see the Media associated with this entry. During treatment, select pigment analysis was carried out by Silvia A. Centeno, Department of Scientific Research, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. See Michael Gallagher, “Condition and Treatment Report: Carel Fabritius, Hagar and the Angel,” and Silvia A. Centeno, “Examination and Analysis Report,” both unpublished reports, 2013, curatorial files, The Leiden Collection, New York.

  20. An 1854 engraving by C. Geyer after the present painting, Hagar and the Angel, noted as by Rembrandt, was published by Anton Ritter von Perger, Die Kunstschätze Wien’s in Stahlstich nebst erläuterndem Text (Triest, 1854), and shows a dark cloud that partially covers the angel’s proper right wing. It is quite possible, as suggested by Michael Gallagher (personal communication), that it was misunderstood by later restorers who attempted to clean or clarify the area, resulting in the obscuring of Fabritius’s original intent. Geyer’s print indicates that the dark area over the angel’s wing was present from at least 1854. Seelig also questioned the logic of the cast shadow in this area and wondered whether there might have originally been a tree branch casting this shadow. See Gero Seelig, “Hagar and the Angel,” in Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, ed. Frederik J. Duparc (Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Schwerin, Staatliches Museum) (Zwolle, 2004), 88–89, no. 2.

  21. In 2006, Duparc characterized the condition of the painting as “far from perfect . . . dirty, partially abraded, and large areas are overpainted, making it difficult to assess,” while Brown describes the painting’s condition as “seriously problematic.” See Frederik J. Duparc, “Results of the Recent Art Historical and Technical Research on Carel Fabritius’s Early Work,” Oud Holland 119 (2006): 83; and Christopher Brown, “The Carel Fabritius Exhibition in The Hague: A Personal View,” Oud Holland 119 (2006): 141. For a full technical report of the 2012 restoration, see Michael Gallagher, “Condition and Treatment Report: Carel Fabritius, Hagar and the Angel,” unpublished conservation report, 2013, curatorial files, The Leiden Collection, New York. For Gallagher’s discussion of these issues in video format, see the Media associated with this entry.

  22. Michael Gallagher, “Condition and Treatment Report: Carel Fabritius, Hagar and the Angel,” unpublished conservation report, 2013, curatorial files, The Leiden Collection, New York. For his dicussion of the signature in video format, see the Media associated with this entry.

  23. I would like to thank Michael Gallagher for pointing out the reemergence of the delicate reflection on the water as a result of the 2012 cleaning (personal communication).

Iconclass Terms
  • Possibly Pieter Six (his sale, Amsterdam, 2 September 1704, no. 57 [for 16 florins], as by Ferdinand Bol).
  • Schönborn-Buchheim Collection, Vienna, by 1746; [Galerie Nissl, Eschen, 2011].
  • From whom acquired by the present owner.
  • Salzburg, Residenzgalerie, 1956–2010, on loan with the permanent collection, 1956–2010 [lent by the Schönborn-Buchheim Collection, Vienna].
  • Munich, Haus der Kunst, “Barocke Sammellust. Die Sammlung Schönborn-Buchheim, Wien,” 7 February–11 May 2003 [lent by the Schönborn-Buchheim Collection, Vienna].
  • The Hague, Mauritshuis, “Carel Fabritius 1622–1654, Young Master Painter,” 24 September 2004–9 January 2005; Schwerin, National Museum, 28 January–16 May 2005, no. 2 [lent by the Schönborn-Buchheim Collection, Vienna].
  • New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, on loan with the permanent collection, May 2013–2016 [lent by the present owner].
  • Paris, Museé du Louvre, “Masterpieces of The Leiden Collection: The Age of Rembrandt,” 22 February–22 May 2017 [lent by the present owner].
  • Beijing, National Museum of China, “Rembrandt and His Time: Masterpieces from The Leiden Collection,” 17 June–3 September 2017 [lent by the present owner].
  • Shanghai, Long Museum, West Bund, “Rembrandt, Vermeer and Hals in the Dutch Golden Age: Masterpieces from The Leiden Collection,” 23 September 2017–25 February 2018 [lent by the present owner].
  • Moscow, The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, “The Age of Rembrandt and Vermeer: Masterpieces of The Leiden Collection,” 28 March 2018–22 July 2018 [lent by the present owner].
  • St. Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum, “The Age of Rembrandt and Vermeer: Masterpieces of The Leiden Collection,” 5 September 2018–13 January 2019 [lent by the present owner].
  • Abu Dhabi, Louvre Abu Dhabi, “Rembrandt, Vermeer and the Dutch Golden Age. Masterpieces from The Leiden Collection and the Musée du Louvre,” 14 February–18 May 2019 [lent by the present owner].
  • Amsterdam, Hermitage Amsterdam, “Rembrandt and his Contemporaries: History Paintings from The Leiden Collection,” 4 February–27 August 2023, no. 9 [lent by the present owner].
  • Beschreibung des fürtreflichen Gemähld-und Bilder-Schatzes, welcher in denen hochgräflichen Schlössern und Gebäuen deren Reiches-Grafen von Schönborn, Buchheim, Wolfsthal, etc. sowohl in dem Heil. Röm. Reich, als in dem Ertz-Hertzogthum Oesterreich zu ersehen und zu finden. Würzburg, 1746, no. 6 (as by Rembrandt van Rijn).
  • Neues Archiv für Geschichte, Staatenkunde, Literatur und Kunst. 2 vols. Vienna, 1830, 2: 167 (as by Rembrandt van Rijn).
  • Smith, John. Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish and French Painters. 9 vols. London 1829–42, 7:3, no. 6 (as by Rembrandt van Rijn).
  • Nagler, Georg Kasper. Neues allgemeines Küstler-Lexikon oder Nachrichten von dem Leben und den Werken der Maler, Bildhauer, Baumeister, Kupferstecher, Formschneider, Lithographen, Zeichner, Medailleure, Elfenbeinarbeiter, etc. 22 vols. Munich, 1835–52, 12: 425 (as by Rembrandt van Rijn).
  • Von Perger, Anton Ritter. Die Kunstschätze Wien’s in Stahlstich nebst erläuterndem text. Triest, 1854, 88 (as by Rembrandt van Rijn).
  • Waagen, Gustav Friedrich. Die vornehmsten Kunstdenkmäler in Wien. 2 vols. Vienna, 1866–87, 1:310 (as by Rembrandt van Rijn).
  • Frimmel, Theodor. Kleine Galeriestudien. 3 vols. Bamberg and Leipzig, 1892–96, 1:118, as by Rembrandt; 3:24–25, no. 18 (as by Ferdinand Bol).
  • Katalog der Gemälde-Gallerie seiner erlaucht des Grafen Schönborn-Buchheim in Wien. Vienna, 1894, 4, no. 18 (as by Ferdinand Bol).
  • Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis. “Die Rembrandt-Ausstellungen zu Amsterdam (September–October 1898) und zu London (Januar–März 1899).” Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft 22 (1899): 164 (as by Govaert Flinck).
  • Katalog der Gemälde-Gallerie seiner erlaucht des Grafen Schönborn-Buchheim in Wien. Vienna, 1902, 4, no. 18 (as by Ferdinand Bol).
  • Wurzbach, Alfred von. Niederländisches Künstler-Lexikon. 3 vols. Vienna, 1906–11, 1:538 (as by Govert Flinck).
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The painting was executed on a medium-weight, plain-weave canvas constructed from two pieces of fabric joined with a horizontal seam. It has been lined and the tacking margins on the top, bottom and right sides are later additions that were sewn on. The red ground on the added tacking margins extends onto the surface of the painting in some areas. Most of the left tacking margin remains intact. It contains fragments of paint which match that of the painting. It is unclear whether this edge was part of the finished composition or if the artist turned it over during the painting process.

The support was prepared with a buff-colored ground. Sweeping marks visible in the X-radiographs indicate that the ground was applied with a palette knife. The composition was fluidly painted with a wet-into-wet technique. Fabritius also scraped into the paint with the butt end of the brush in areas such as the leaves in the right foreground and the flask. Though they do not appear on the surface of the painting, several artist’s changes are visible as dark shadows peaking through the uppermost paint layers. The most notable change is in Hagar’s skirt, which was changed from blue to gray.

The painting has suffered some abrasion, particularly in the shadows of the drapery and foliage. The midtones have darkened over time, causing loss of clarity in some areas, such as the background foliage and the pool of water in the middle ground. The painting was treated between 2011 and 2013. During this treatment, discolored varnish and retouchings were removed, an old lining was replaced with a more compatible one, surface deformations were improved, and the abrasion and losses were inpainted.

Technical Summary Endnotes

  1. The ground was analyzed with cross-sections in conjunction with polarized light microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy. It was found to contain lead white, ocher, vermillion and carbon-based black pigments. Silvia A. Centeno, examination and analysis report, 5 February 2013.

  2. Analysis of a cross-section showed that the skirt was original painted with smalt and lead white. This was covered with a layer of ochre, vermillion and carbon-based black. Silvia A. Centeno, examination and analysis report, 5 February 2013.

  3. Michael Gallagher, condition and treatment report, February 2013.

Prints

  1. Franz Wrenk, after Carel Fabritius, Hagar and the Angel, mezzotint, 1804, 64.2 x 50 cm, British Museum, London.
  2. C. Geyer, after Carel Fabritius, Hagar and the Angel, engraving (published in A. R. von Perger, Die Kunstschätze Wien’s in Stahlstich nebst erläuterndem Text [Triest, 1854], as by Rembrandt).
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