Man Tuning a Violin

Frans van Mieris (Leiden 1635 – 1681 Leiden)

date: 1680
medium: oil on panel
dimensions: 19.3 x 15.2 cm
signed information: signed and dated in dark paint, upper right corner: “Fvan. Mieris. fect / 1680”
inventory number: FM-111

How to cite

Buvelot, Quentin. “Man Tuning a Violin” (2017). In The Leiden Collection Catalogue, 4th ed. Edited by Arthur K. Wheelock Jr. and Elizabeth Nogrady with Caroline Van Cauwenberge. New York, 2023–. https://theleidencollection.com/artwork/man-tuning-a-violin/ (accessed October 12, 2024).

Paintings of musicians, either playing or tuning an instrument, were extremely popular in the Dutch Republic, a testament to the appeal of music in that culture, particularly among the upper classes. Here, a young man dressed in a fancy black satin cloak listens intently to the sounds of the violin he is tuning, the half-smile on his face indicating that he is pleased with the results. He is seated in an elegant but dimly lit interior with monumental pilasters, one of which is just behind him. A large roemer, conspicuously filled with white wine, is on the table in front of him, as are two well-worn portfolios, probably containing sheet music, and a large red velvet cap with a green feather. Also on the table is a thick tome with finger indexing on the pages, indicating that the young man’s dedication to music is only one aspect of his scholarly concerns. Paintings of musicians also evoked associations with harmony and love, ones frequently expressed in the poetry and emblem books of the period. For example, Jacob Cats (1577–1660), in his Sinne- en Minnebeelden of 1618, wrote a poem accompanying an illustration of a man tuning his lute (fig 1) that describes this activity as symbolic of two hearts “that vibrate to the same tune.”¹

Throughout his career, Frans van Mieris excelled in rendering different types of materials, including, as in this instance, glass, marble, and the fabric of the cloak and cap. This remarkable ability was one reason he achieved such inordinate fame during his lifetime. He often utilized this skill to emulate reality, sometimes also creating trompe l’oeil images that deceive the eye into believing that a painted image is reality itself.² During the latter part of his career, however, at the time he painted this work, Van Mieris’s art had become slicker and harder. He no longer sought to create the semblance of reality, but used his touch to create engaging but artificial images. Rhythmic accents that play across his fabrics bring energy and color to his paintings, but do not deceive the viewer into thinking them real. He also began to exaggerate expressions, as in the upward glance and half smile enlivening this young man’s face.

The exaggerated bend of the man’s left arm, which neatly echoes one of the highlighted folds of the man’s shimmering cloak, may have been a deliberate attempt to convey elegance and refinement, as he uses this sweeping gesture in some of his other late paintings.³ This attitude may have its roots in the manuals of civility that were published in the Dutch Republic during the seventeenth century.⁴ These codes of manners were called welstand, a word that refers to proper manners in the French tradition. One of the most popular French etiquette guides, Antoine de Courtin’s Suite de la civilité française of 1671, was translated into Dutch the following year.⁵

The large roemer filled with wine brings to mind Van Mieris’s documented alcohol abuse, which seems to have caused his affairs to unravel rapidly in the last years of his life. In a letter dated 1675, one of Van Mieris’s patrons wrote that Cunera van der Cock, the artist’s wife, requested that some of the fee Van Mieris was owed for a painting be paid directly to her, without her husband’s knowledge, because the money would otherwise disappear “like acid on an etching plate.”⁶ It is not impossible that the artist, who is known to have had a great sense of humor, even alluded to his drinking problems in this work by including the large roemer.

Technical research has determined that Van Mieris reused an existing panel in painting this work (fig 2). When turned upside down, an X-radiograph of the painting shows a knee-length portrait of a lady, just as in Woman with a Lapdog, Accompanied by a Maidservant, also from 1680 (see FM-105). Less pronounced, but clearly visible on the X-radiograph, is a rectangular shape in the same position as the letter in Woman with a Lapdog.⁷ Probably Van Mieris started another version of that painting, but changed his mind and reused the panel for the present work.⁸ The subject of a figure tuning a string instrument had already been introduced by the artist as early as 1665 in the Rijksmuseum’s A Woman Tuning a Theorbo, with a Company in the Background (fig 3). This painting, which is almost the same size as Man Tuning a Violin, was once thought to have also been executed in 1680.⁹

- Quentin Buvelot, 2017

Comparative Figures

Fig 1. “Quid non sentit amor,” engraving from Jacob Cats, Proteus, ofte, Minne-beelden verandert in sinne-beelden (Rotterdam, 1627)

Fig 2. X-radiograph of Man Tuning a Violin, FM-111 (image turned upside down)

Fig 3. Frans van Mieris the Elder, A Woman Tuning a Theorbo, with a Company in the Background, 1665, oil on panel, 22 x 17.5 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, SK-A-262

Gerard Bicker van Swieten, The Hague (sale, The Hague, 12 April 1741, no. 58 [250 guilders to De Waart but still in Bicker van Swieten’s possession in 1752]; sale, The Hague, 4 April 1755, no. 23 [161 guilders]).
(De Montribloud Sale, Paris, 9 February 1784, no. 31).
Phillipe Panne, London (sale, Christie’s, London, 26 March 1819, no. 103 [9 guineas to Ward].
Ludovic de Spiridon, Rome, 1922–28 (his sale, Muller, Amsterdam, 19 June 1928, no. 60, as signed and dated 1650).
Private collection, Germany (sale, Flechtheim, Helbing, Paffrath, Berlin, 11 March 1933, no. 60).
[Galerie Voltaire, Paris, 1975].
Private collection, Finland, by 1981.
(Sale, Christie’s, London, 10 July 1998, no. 33; sale, Christie’s, New York, 15 October 1998, no. 64).
[Johnny van Haeften Ltd., London, 2002].
David Blank, Greenwich, CT, until 2005 [Salomon Lilian B. V., Amsterdam].
From whom acquired by the present owner in 2005.

Raleigh, North Carolina Museum of Art, “Small Treasures: Rembrandt, Vermeer, Hals, and Their Contemporaries,” 12 October 2014–4 January 2015, no. 25 [lent by the present owner].
Dallas Museum of Art, “Vermeer Suite: Music in 17th-Century Dutch Painting,” 17 January 2016–21 August 2016 [lent by the present owner].

Hoet, Gerard, and Pieter Terwesten. Catalogus of Naamlyst van Schilderyen, met derzelver pryzen, zedert een langen reeks van jaaren zoo. 3 vols. The Hague, 1752–70, 2: 15, 463; 3:117, no. 23.
Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis. A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century Based on the Work of John Smith. Edited and translated by Edward G. Hawke, 10: 48, no. 184. 8 vols. London, 1907–28. Originally published as Beschreibendes und kritisches Verzeichnis der Werke der hervorragendsten höllandischen Maler des XVII. Jahrhunderts. 10 vols. Esslingen and Paris, 1907–28.
Naumann, Otto. Frans van Mieris (1635–1681) the Elder. 2 vols. Doornspijk, 1981, 1:78–80, 2:124–25, no. 120.
Buvelot, Quentin, Otto Naumann, and Eddy de Jongh. Frans van Mieris 1635–1681. Edited by Quentin Buvelot, 238, no. 120. Exh. cat. The Hague, Mauritshuis; Washington, National Gallery of Art. Zwolle, 2005.
Weller, Dennis P. Small Treasures: Rembrandt, Vermeer, Hals, and Their Contemporaries. Exh. cat. Raleigh, North Carolina Museum of Art; Birmingham, Birmingham Museum of Art. Raleigh, 2014, 143-145, no. 25.

The support, a single plank of vertically grained, rectangular-shaped oak, has bevels on all four sides.¹ The unthinned and uncradled panel has machine tool marks along the lower left, a red wax collection seal with an oval-shaped impression, and small paper label remnants but no complete paper labels, import stamps, stencils or panel maker’s marks along the panel reverse.

A light-colored ground has been evenly applied followed by paint applied smoothly in successive thin layers with low brushmarking and transparent glazing, light over dark. In raking light, the individual barbs of the green plume, the bright folds of the figure’s red velvet hat, and the white pages of the book cantilevered over the table edge are slightly raised, as are the folds of the figure’s satin drapery and the edges of the cover of the book located behind the hat.

The X-radiograph reveals an earlier composition: a three-quarter-length female figure, oriented upside down with respect to the visible composition. This figure is strikingly similar to the woman depicted in FM-105, a panel painting of nearly identical size, and a white, radio-opaque, parallelogram-shaped object located to the left of this female figure is similar in size and placement to the letter with wax seal lying on the table in FM-105.² Fine aperture drying cracks have formed through the brown background, and areas of white paint along the left edge relate to the earlier composition, perhaps the putto on a dolphin in FM-105, as the earlier portrait is oriented upside down.

The painting is signed and dated in dark paint along the upper right corner.

No underdrawing is readily apparent in infrared images at 780–1000 nanometers. Further investigation at wavelengths that penetrate further into the infrared region may provide additional information.

The painting has not undergone conservation treatment since its acquisition and remains in a good state of preservation.